Ban da bao gio tu hoi tai sao mon an Nhat Ban lai co vi dac biet den vay? Bi mat nam o nhung gia vi co ban ma nguoi Nhat su dung hang ngay trong bep. Shoyu (tuong toi Nhat Ban), miso (tuong dau nhanh), mirin (ruou ngot), sake nau an, dashi (nuoc dung), su (giam) va muoi bien – bay loai gia vi chinh nay la linh hon cua toan bo nen am thuc Nhat Ban, tu mon sushi don gian den kaiseki cau ky nhat. Bai viet nay se giai thich ro rang vai tro, cach su dung va bi quyet lua chon tung loai gia vi, kem theo loi khuyen thuc te cho du khach Viet Nam muon tim hieu sau hon ve am thuc Nhat Ban hoac mua gia vi ve lam qua.
Shoyu – Tuong Toi Nhat Ban Nen Tang Cua Am Thuc
Lich Su Va Cac Loai Shoyu Chinh
Shoyu co lich su hon 1.000 nam, len men tu dau tuong, lua mi va muoi bien trong thung go tu 6 thang den 3 nam. Co 5 loai chinh: Koikuchi (mau dam – chiem 80% san luong, pho bien nhat), Usukuchi (mau nhat – dung trong nau an khong muon lam mat mau nguyen lieu), Tamari (dac va sac – phu hop cham sashimi), Shiro (trang – vi nhe dac biet), va Saishikomi (len men doi – vi phuc tap hon). Nam vi Aspergillus sojae tao nen vi umami dac trung khong the thay the. Gia mot chai shoyu chinh hang tai Nhat tu 300-2000 yen.
Cach Phan Biet Shoyu Ngon Va Cach Bao Quan
Shoyu chat luong cao co mau nau do tham, trong, thom mui lua mi va dau tuong len men, khong co vi chua gat. Nhan hieu Kikkoman, Yamasa va Higashimaru la nhung thuong hieu uy tin nhat. Bao quan noi mat, trach anh sang; sau khi mo nap dung trong 1 thang voi shoyu binh thuong, va 3 thang voi shoyu pha hon hop (nama shoyu). Shoyu co the dung truc tiep lam nuoc cham, pha sot hoac nau chung voi nghi lieu de tao mau va vi. Du khach Viet nen mua chai nho 150-200ml de trai nghiem truoc, sau do chon loai phu hop nhat. Xem them cach su dung shoyu trong mon yakiniku Nhat Ban.
Shoyu Trong Am Thuc Nhat – Dau Bep Dung The Nao
Trong bep Nhat Ban chuyen nghiep, shoyu duoc su dung theo nhieu cach tinh vi: Kirizushi dipping – cham sashimi voi shoyu + wasabi; Teriyaki – uop thit voi shoyu + mirin + sake tao nuoc sot bong don; Ramen tare – pha che nuoc sot phuc tap cho ramen shoyu; Yaki-meshi – dung shoyu xao com; Tsukemono – ngam dua cai voi shoyu long. Moi mon an se doi hoi loai shoyu khac nhau va ty le pha che rieng – day la ky nang tich luy qua nhieu nam cua dau bep Nhat. Tham khao them cach dung shoyu trong ramen Nagoya va Hiroshima.
Miso – Tuong Dau Nhanh Sieu Thuc Pham Nhat Ban
Quy Trinh San Xuat Va Phan Loai Miso
Miso duoc san xuat bang cach len men dau tuong voi muoi va koji (nam men) tu vai tuan den vai nam. Co 3 loai chinh: Shiro miso (trang – vi ngot nhe, len men ngan – phu hop mon canh, banh); Aka miso (do – vi dam, len men lau – phu hop mon ham, ramen); Awase miso (hon hop – pho bien nhat trong bep gia dinh). Miso cung co the phan loai theo khu vuc: Hatcho miso (Aichi, vi rat dam, gan 3 nam len men), Sendai miso (Miyagi, mau do dam), Saikyo miso (Kyoto, ngot nhe, dung trong cod den ten phuong phap). San luong miso Nhat Ban dat tren 470.000 tan moi nam.
Dinh Duong Va Loi Ich Suc Khoe Cua Miso
Miso la mot trong nhung thuc pham len men giau dinh duong nhat: chua protein (11-14g/100g), vitamin B12, axit folic, vi sinh vat co ich cho duong ruot va cac hop chat isoflavone tu dau tuong co tac dung chong oxy hoa. Nhieu nghien cuu khoa hoc Nhat Ban cho thay nguoi an miso soup hang ngay co ty le mac ung thu da day thap hon 33% so voi nhom khong dung. Canh miso (miso shiru) la mon an du chuan cua nguoi Nhat – mot bat canh miso don gian co the cung cap 8-10% nhu cau natri hang ngay. Miso cung la nguyen lieu quan trong trong mon yakiniku tare, nabe (lau) va nhung mon an truyen thong khac.
Cach Nau Canh Miso Va Su Dung Miso Tai Nha
Cach nau canh miso co ban: un nong 400ml nuoc dashi (hoac nuoc thuong), cho dau phu cat nho, nam thi va hanh la vao un chiu 2 phut. Tat lua, hoa 2-3 thia canh miso vao nuoc (khong un sau khi cho miso vi se mat vi). Dung ngay khi con nong. Ngoai canh, miso con duoc dung: Miso dengaku – com len ve mat ca nuong; Misoyaki – uop ca/thit voi miso + mirin truoc nuong; Miso ramen tare – nen nuoc soup ramen cua vung Hokkaido. Mua miso ve Viet Nam: chon loai dong goi kin, de bao quan tu 6-12 thang trong tu lanh sau khi mo.
Mirin Va Sake Nau An – Cap Doi Khong The Thieu
Mirin La Gi Va Tai Sao Quan Trong
Mirin (みりん) la ruou gao ngot co nong do con 14%, duoc san xuat tu gao nep, koji va sho-chu (ruou manh). Mirin mang lai vi ngot tinh te, bong don bong bong (glaze) dep mat va loai bo mui kho chiu cua thit ca khi nuong. Khac voi duong thuong, vi ngot cua mirin phuc tap hon va co dac tinh tang mau dep. Ba loai chinh: Hon mirin (chinh goc – dat hon), Mirin-style condiment (co co hon, re hon) va Shio mirin (co muoi – mua o sieu thi khong can giay phep ruou). Hon mirin co gia 500-2000 yen/chai 500ml. Luu y: mirin ghi chu tieng Nhat khong co tieng Anh la hon mirin – loai chinh goc tot nhat.
Sake Nau An Khac Gi Sake Uong?
Sake nau an (Ryorishu) duoc them muoi (khoang 2-3%) de khong the uong duoc, theo quy dinh cua Nhat Ban cho phep ban khong can giay phep ruou. Vi mat hon sake uong, nhung van co tac dung tuong tu trong nau an: loai bo mui kho chiu, lam mem thit va tang vi. Sake nau an chat luong tot co the dung thay the hoac pha lon voi sake uong binh thuong (loai re 500-800 yen/chai). Mot so cong thuc dung ca sake lan mirin: Nikujaga (khoai tay ham thit) dung sake + mirin + shoyu ty le 1:1:1; Teriyaki sauce dung sake + mirin + shoyu ty le 1:1:1; Botan-nabe dung sake de khu mui lon rung.
Ty Le Vang Trong Nau An Nhat Ban
Bau bep Nhat Ban co cong thuc co ban goi la sa-shi-su-se-so: Sa = Sato (duong), Shi = Shio (muoi), Su = Su (giam), Se = Shoyu (xoi dau), So = Miso. Thu tu nay the hien thu tu nen cho cac gia vi vao thuc pham: duong truoc de thoi vao, muoi tiep theo, giam giu vi chua, shoyu va miso cuoi cung de giu huong thom. Cong thuc teriyaki sauce pho bien nhat: 3 thia shoyu + 3 thia mirin + 3 thia sake + 1 thia duong, un nong cho den khi soi nhe va hoi sac lai. Day la sot co the dung cho ca, ga, thit heo va dau phu.
Dashi – Nuoc Dung Co Ban Tao Nen Linh Hon Mon Nhat
Cac Loai Dashi Va Cach Nau Dashi Chuan
Dashi la nuoc dung duoc chiet xuat tu cac nguyen lieu tu nhien, tao nen nen tang vi umami cho hang tram mon Nhat Ban. Co 3 loai chinh: Kombu dashi (rong bien kho – dung cho nguoi chay), Katsuobushi dashi (ca bong kho bao – huong thom dac trung), va Niboshi dashi (ca com kho – vi dam dung cho ramen va canh miso). Cach nau Ichiban dashi (nuoc dung dau tien) chuan: Ngam 10g kombu trong 1 lit nuoc lanh 30 phut, un nong den khi sap soi (70 do C – khong de soi bung), vot kombu ra, cho 20g katsuobushi vao, tat lua ngay sau khi soi 30 giay, de 3 phut, loc qua khan. Dashi cho ngay duoc bao quan trong tu lanh 3 ngay hoac dong da 1 thang. Du khach Viet co the mua goi dashi hoa tan (hon dashi) tai sieu thi Nhat – don gian va tien loi hon nhieu.
Giam Nhat (Su) – Nhung Gi Can Biet
Giam Nhat (Su – 酢) co vi chua nhe hon giam trang thuong va it mui gat hon, duoc lam tu gao len men. Co hai loai chinh: Kome-su (giam gao – vi trung binh, dung cho sushi va an pham nuong) va Kuro-su (giam den – giau dinh duong, vi phuc tap hon, thuong dung trong cham soc suc khoe). Sushi-zu la hon hop giam gao + duong + muoi de tron vao com sushi – ty le co ban: 60ml giam + 30g duong + 10g muoi cho 600g com. Giam Nhat cung duoc dung trong: Sunomono (goi tron chua ngot), Ponzu sauce (giam + nuoc cam + katsuobushi), va tsukemono (dua cai chua ngot). Mua giam Nhat chat luong ve Viet Nam: chon loai Mizkan hoac Mitsukan (giam gao trang) 360-500ml.
Muoi Bien Va Gia Vi Dac Trung Khac Cua Nhat
Muoi Bien Nhat Ban (Shio) Va Washoku
Muoi bien Nhat Ban co nhieu loai khac nhau tuy vung dia ly: Noto Salt (Ishikawa – muoi tho giau khoang chat tu bien), Hakata-no-Shio (Fukuoka – muoi trang tinh te, dung trong nau bun bo va ramen), va Ama-jiho (muoi pha hon nuoc bien tuoi – vi phuc tap nhat). Muoi Nhat duoc dung khong chi de nau an ma con de bao quan thuc pham (tsukemono – rau dua), tam muoi truoc khi nuong ca (shioyaki), va dung trong nghi le ton giao. Mot dac diem quan trong: người Nhat dung muoi rat it trong nau an vi shoyu va miso da cung cap du natri – day la bi quyet mon Nhat co vi vua dam ma khong qua man. Muoi bien Nhat dep la qua tang y nghia cho nguoi than.
Wasabi, Gari Va Nori – Nhung Gia Vi Kem Khong The Thieu
Wasabi thuc su (hon wasabi) duoc cai tu cu ngo cay mau xanh, rat dat (cu hon wasabi dat hon 2.500 USD/kg) va chi dung it it vi vi cay bay dieu nhieu. Phan lon wasabi tai sieu thi la wasabi gia tu bot mo (Western horseradish) pha mau xanh – vi cay lau hon va it tinh te hon. Gari la gung ngam giam mau hong nhat, dung de lam sach vi giua cac mon sushi. Nori (rong bien say) la nguyen lieu khong the thieu cho cuon sushi, onigiri va ramen – chat luong tot nhat la nori Ariake (Saga Prefecture). Du khach Viet nen thu wasabi thuc su it nhat mot lan khi o Nhat de cam nhan su khac biet voi wasabi che bien thuong thay.
Huong Dan Mua Gia Vi Nhat Ve Viet Nam
Nhung Gia Vi Nen Mua Tai Sieu Thi Nhat
Neu ban muon mang am thuc Nhat Ban ve nha, day la danh sach gia vi nen mua tai sieu thi Nhat (Aeon, Don Quijote, Daiei): Shoyu Kikkoman lon 1 lit (600-800 yen), Mirin Hon-mirin Takara (700-1000 yen/500ml), Miso Shiro (trang) 750g (300-600 yen), Dashi hoa tan Hon Dashi Ajinomoto (300-500 yen/goi 50 goi), Giam gao Mizkan (350-500 yen/360ml), va Wasabi tube nho (200-400 yen). Nhung thu nay du am thuc Nhat Ban tai nha theo tieu chuan chinh goc. Luu y hai quan: nuoc cham co con (hon mirin) thuong bi khai bao, nen mua mirin-style condiment khong con thay the. Bao quan trong noi mat va kho, tranh anh sang truc tiep.
Gia Vi Nhat Ban De Nau Mon Viet Ket Hop
Nhieu co giao nuoi Viet dang kham pha cach ket hop gia vi Nhat vao mon Viet truyen thong voi ket qua bat ngo: Shoyu thay the nuoc mam trong mot so mon xao (thom hon, it mui hon), Mirin them vao sot canh chua (vi ngot phuc tap hon duong kia), Dashi kombu lam nuoc dung cho pho bo (bo them vi umami ma khong manh) va Miso tron vao banh mi thit thay mustard (la vi hoan toan moi). Nhung thu nghiem nay rat dang thu vi cho nhung ai muon lam am thuc gia dinh phong phu hon. Hieu ro gia vi Nhat se giup ban trai nghiem am thuc Nhat sau sac hon trong chuyen du lich.
Cau Hoi Thuong Gap Ve Gia Vi Nhat Ban
Shoyu va nuoc mam Viet co the thay the cho nhau khong?
Shoyu va nuoc mam deu la sot len men tu dan protein nhung co su khac biet dang ke: nuoc mam lam tu ca, vi man gat va mui dac trung; shoyu lam tu dau tuong, vi umami nhe hon va mui bot. Trong nau an, chung co the thay the mot phan nhau trong mot so mon nhung ket qua se khac nhau. Nuoc mam pho bien va re hon tai Viet Nam, shoyu cho vi tinh te hon trong mon Nhat. Neu ban khong co shoyu, dung nuoc mam ti hon khoang 30-40% vi man hon.
Mua miso o Viet Nam co duoc khong?
Miso ngay cang pho bien tai Viet Nam, co the tim thay tai cac sieu thi Aeon, Mega Market va cac cua hang thuc pham chuc nang. Gia miso tai Viet Nam thuong cao hon 2-3 lan so voi Nhat. Chat luong miso nhap khau tu Nhat Ban (Hikari Miso, Marukome) duoc bao quan tot va chat luong on dinh. Neu ban o Viet Nam va muon nau canh miso tai nha, cac sieu thi chau A lon deu co ban miso. Gia khoang 80.000-150.000 VND/hop 500g.
Hon mirin co thi ham luong con khong?
Co, hon mirin co nong do con khoang 14% (tuong duong bia manh). Tai Nhat Ban, hon mirin duoc phan loai la ruou va ban tai cua hang ruou hoac khu ruou cua sieu thi. Khi nau, con bay hoi du neu un nong tren 100 do C it nhat 2-3 phut. Mirin-style condiment (mirin kazari) khong co con hoac rat it (duoi 1%) – day la loai ban tu do o gian sot cua sieu thi thuong. Phong quan hai khi mang ve: hon mirin can khai bao la ruou.
Dashi co the thay the bang nuoc xuong khong?
Nuoc xuong Viet va dashi Nhat la hai loai nuoc dung co nguon goc hoan toan khac nhau va vi cung khac. Dashi tu kombu/katsuobushi cho vi umami sach, trong treo va nhe; nuoc xuong lon/bo cho vi beo dam va co mui thit. Trong cong thuc Nhat, dashi la bat buoc va khong the thay bang nuoc xuong thuong – su thay the se lam thay doi vi co ban cua mon an. Neu muon don gian hoa, dung goi dashi hoa tan (hon dashi) hoa tan vao nuoc soi la cach nhanh nhat.
Gia vi Nhat co dung duoc cho nguoi di an chay khong?
Shoyu, mirin, sake va su (giam) deu phu hop cho nguoi an chay. Tuy nhien can chu y: Dashi thong thuong (ichiban dashi) dung katsuobushi (ca bong) khong phu hop nguoi chay tuyet doi – dung kombu dashi thay the. Miso trang va miso hong co the co vi kac nhau tuy loai – mot so miso co them ca kho. Nori, wasabi va muoi bien hoan toan phu hop. Sieu thi Nhat co ban goi dashi thuoc tao bien kombu (khong ca) danh cho nguoi chay.
Tong Ket
Bay gia vi co ban cua Nhat Ban – shoyu, miso, mirin, sake, dashi, su va muoi bien – khong chi la nguyen lieu nau an ma con la co so van hoa am thuc tich luy qua hang ngan nam. Hieu ro tung loai gia vi nay se giup ban: trai nghiem sau sac hon khi an tai nha hang Nhat Ban (biet dau bep su dung gi, tai sao mon an nay ngon den vay), mua gia vi dung loai ve nha lam qua y nghia, va co kha nang tu nau mon Nhat chuan vi hon. Ba loai gia vi quan trong nhat de bat dau: shoyu, miso va mirin – bay ba thu nay co the tao nen hon 80% cac mon Nhat Ban pho bien. Khoi dau voi chung va ban se tu nhan ra the gioi am thuc Nhat Ban rich dep den muc nao!
Tim hieu them ve am thuc Nhat Ban qua huong dan wagyu A5 va cach dung gia vi trong cac mon nuong dac sac.